Wanderers lost Joao Gomes to an early red card and were trailing to Neal Maupay's first-half goal when Doyle struck from 20 yards to secure a 1-1 draw and a replay.
In a niggly encounter, Gomes was given his marching orders for chopping down Bees captain Christian Norgaard.
But Wolves could easily point to a similar challenge from Mikkel Damsgaard on Doyle which went unpunished.
Brentford were looking for a measure of revenge for the 4-1 defeat they were dealt by the same opposition in the Premier League nine days earlier.
They suffered a collective defensive meltdown in that loss and the nerves were hardly settled when goalkeeper David Strakosha, making only his third appearance of the season, passed the ball straight to Wolves forward Matheus Cunha.
The Brazilian managed to round Strakosha but ran into defender Mathias Jorgensen, who cleared the ball over his own crossbar.
Moments later Wolves found themselves a player light after Gomes caught Norgaard on the heel with his studs and was shown a straight red card by referee Tony Harrington.
It was a further injury blow for already-depleted Brentford with Denmark midfielder Norgaard unable to continue.
Former Wolves defender Nathan Collins, who was directly culpable for two of his old side's goals in last week's horror show, almost made amends at the right end of the pitch with a shot which curled narrowly over.
Then Bees midfielder Josh Dasilva, making his first appearance since suffering a hamstring injury in August, tested Wanderers keeper Jose Sa with a low, skidding drive before the hosts went ahead five minutes before half-time.
After Wolves failed to clear a Mathias Jensen free-kick, the ball ricocheted to the feet of Maupay who rifled it home from eight yards for his third goal of the season.
After the break Damsgaard's shot was well blocked by Sa and Dasilva hit the side-netting before, almost out of nowhere, Wolves equalised.
A short corner was worked by Pedro Neto to Doyle on the edge of the area, with the England Under-21 midfielder taking a touch before lashing the ball left-footed into the top corner.
It was Doyle's first goal for Wolves and he had a taste for more, only this time he cracked another drive straight into the face of Jensen, who had to go off after a concussion check.
Brentford could have won it late on but substitute Myles Peart-Harris side-footed wide and Sa saved Keane Lewis-Potter's header from point-blank range.
A melee at the end of the match suggested these two teams are pretty sick of the sight of each other, which could at least make for a spicy replay in just over a week.
